PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Australia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian								Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
												Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
						Castlecliffian												0.34
				Calabrian													Early Pleistocene	0.774
												Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
						Nukumaruan												1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian											Late Pliocene	2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian											Late Pliocene	3
				Zanclean		Waipipian											Early Pliocene	3.6
						Opoitian												3.7
						Opoitian						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean											Late Miocene	5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
				Tortonian														7.246
												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
					Southland	Waiauan												11.04
				Serravallian													Middle Miocene	11.63
												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
						Lillburnian												13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian												13.82
						Clifdenian												15.1
					Pareora	Altonian												15.9
				Burdigalian													Early Miocene	15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
						Otaian												18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian												20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
													Monroecreekian					23.1 *
													Geringian					24.7 *
						Duntroonian												25.2
						Whaingaroan												27.3
				Rupelian											Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian											Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan												34.6
						Kaiatan												36.7
																		37
				Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
						Bortonian												39.1
												Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian														41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
						Heretaungan												45.7
												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian												Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
						Mangaorapan												48.9
						Mangaorapan						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
						Waipawan						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						52
						Waipawan								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian										To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian										To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian												66
Campanian				72.1		Haumurian
Santonian				Piripauan		83.6
Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
Coniacian						86.3
Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
Early Cretaceous			Albian		Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian		Korangan	113
			Aptian			117.5
			Barremian			121.4
			Hauterivian			125.77
			Valanginian			132.6
			Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian		443.8
			Katian					Bolindian		445.2
								Eastonian		449 *
					Gisbornian			452 *
			Sandbian		Gisbornian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian			458.4
			Dapingian		Yapeenian			467.3
			Dapingian		Castlemainian			468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	470
				Bendigonian	471.8 *
				Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian	Lancefieldian	Ungurian			477.7
			Tremadocian	Warendian	Ungurian			482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †					Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	489.5
										Aksaian	490.7 *
										Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian	Paibian							494
			Paibian	Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian						494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †					Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian	Guzhangian							499.5
			Drumian	Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian	Drumian						Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian						Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian							505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian							509
Toyonian										510 *
Botomian										512.5 *
Botomian			Stage 3	Nangaoian						514
Atdabanian			Stage 3	Nangaoian						515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian	Tommotian						521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian							530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635