PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127456 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Zones	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Silurian of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Tarantian						0.0117
		Chibanian						Ionian						0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian				Ionian						0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian										0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan							MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian							MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian							MN 16			2.58
				Waipipian							MN 16			3
											MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean												3.6
				Opoitian										3.7
											MN 14			4.2
											MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian									MN 12			7.246
											MN 11			7.75
											MN 10			8.7
											MN 9			9.7
			Southland	Waiauan							MN 9			11.04
											MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian									MN 7 + 8			11.63
											MN 6			12.8 *
				Lillburnian							MN 6			13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian							MN 5			13.82
				Clifdenian										15.1
			Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian									MN 4			15.98
											MN 3			16.9
				Otaian							MN 3			18.7
											MN 2			20
		Aquitanian												20.44
			Landon	Waitakian										21.7
											MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
				Duntroonian										25.2
				Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian							Kekeamuan					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
			Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Kaiatan										36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian										39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian										41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
				Heretaungan										45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan						Bumbanian				47.8
				Mangaorapan										48.9
				Waipawan										52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian					Gashatan					56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian										66
		Campanian		Haumurian										72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan										83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan										86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
				Mangaotanean										90.5
				Arowhanan										93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian			Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian		303.7
					Khamovnikian		304.8
					Krevyakinian		305.8 *
					Krevyakinian		305.9
		Moscovian			Myachkovian		307
					Podolskian		308.9 *
					Kashirian		311.4 *
					Vereian		313.8
					Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian		315.2
					Cheremshanian		316.9 *
					Prikamian		318.6 *
					Severokeltmian		319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
					Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian		323.2
					Protvian		324.4 *
					Steshevian		326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
		Visean			Venevian		330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
					Aleksinian		333.7 *
					Tulian		335.8 *
					Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian		346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
					Cherepetian		351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian	Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig	Fennian		468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Fennian		470
						Whitlandian		471.1 *
						Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
					Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Niuchehean				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Paibian					494
		Paibian						Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Drumian		Wangcunian †	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Duyunian			Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Duyunian			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Nangaoian			Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Meishucunian					521
		Fortunian						Meishucunian					529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian					530.7
														538.8