PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126934 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Australia	Permian of China				Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Chibanian		Castlecliffian										0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian										0.774
				Calabrian		Nukumaruan										1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan										1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian										2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian										3
				Zanclean		Waipipian										3.6
				Zanclean		Opoitian										3.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
				Tortonian		Tongaporutuan										7.246
				Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan										11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan										11.63
				Serravallian		Lillburnian										13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian										13.82
						Clifdenian										15.1
					Pareora	Altonian										15.9
				Burdigalian		Altonian										15.98
				Burdigalian		Otaian										18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian										20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian										21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian										23.03
						Duntroonian										25.2
						Whaingaroan										27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
					Arnold	Runangan										34.6
						Kaiatan										36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan										37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian										39.1
				Lutetian		Bortonian										41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
						Heretaungan										45.7
				Ypresian		Heretaungan										47.8
						Mangaorapan										48.9
						Waipawan										52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian										56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
				Campanian		Haumurian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
				Santonian		Piripauan									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
				Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	86.1
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
						Mangaotanean										90.5
						Arowhanan										93.7
				Cenomanian		Arowhanan									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian										95.2
						Motuan										99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan									Late Albian	100.5
						Urutawan									Late Albian	103.3
						Urutawan									Middle Albian	106.2 *
					Taitai	Korangan									Middle Albian	108.4
															Early Albian	109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian	113
															Late Aptian	117.5
															Early Aptian	119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian			139.8
				Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
				Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian		Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
			Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras			Late Bajocian	168.2
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian	168.4
					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian	168.6 *
			Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Late Toarcian	174.7
					Planulata				179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
								Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Kanense					181.3 *
					Carlottense					182.3 *
					Carlottense			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
					Kunae			Early Toarcian		183.5 *
			Pliensbachian		Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
					Freboldi					185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras				Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
			Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
			Norian						Sevatian		208.5
									Alaunian		213.2 *
									Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian						Tuvalian		227
			Carnian						Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian		237
			Ladinian						Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian						Illyrian		242
									Pelsonian		243.8 *
	Bithynian								244.7 *
	Aegean								245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian						247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian						251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian						251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein		Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian								Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian								Laoshanian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian								Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller		Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian						Leine		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian								Kuhfengian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian								Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian								Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian								Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian								Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian			Zisongian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian									300.1
			Kasimovian									303.7
			Moscovian								Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian								Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean								Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian				Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
			Sandbian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian				Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian				Darriwilian				Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian				Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian						470
			Tremadocian				Xinchangian						477.7
			Tremadocian				Xinchangian					Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean				Taoyuanian †	Datsonian		485.4
			Stage 10				Niuchehean			Payntonian		486.8 *
			Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian			Iverian		489.5
			Paibian		Paibian		Idamean	494
			Paibian		Paibian		Idamean	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Mindyallan		497
			Guzhangian		Guzhangian			Boomerangian		499
			Drumian		Drumian			Undillan		500.5
			Drumian		Drumian			Floran		503
			Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian			Templetonian		504.5
			Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian			Ordian		507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian			Ordian		509
			Stage 4		Duyunian					510.8 *
			Stage 3		Nangaoian					514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian					521
			Fortunian		Meishucunian					529
			Fortunian		Jinnigian					530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																635