PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127343 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous of North America	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran									0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian											0.129
				Chibanian		Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian									0.774
				Calabrian		Nukumaruan									1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan									1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian									2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian									3
				Zanclean		Waipipian									3.6
				Zanclean		Opoitian									3.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian		Tongaporutuan									7.246
				Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan									11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan									11.63
				Serravallian		Lillburnian									13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian									13.82
						Clifdenian									15.1
					Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian		Altonian									15.98
				Burdigalian		Otaian									18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian									20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian									21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian									23.03
						Duntroonian									25.2
						Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
					Arnold	Runangan									34.6
						Kaiatan									36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan									37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian									39.1
				Lutetian		Bortonian									41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
						Heretaungan									45.7
				Ypresian		Heretaungan									47.8
						Mangaorapan									48.9
						Waipawan									52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian									56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian									66
				Campanian		Haumurian									72.1
				Santonian		Piripauan									83.6
				Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
						Mangaotanean									90.5
						Arowhanan									93.7
				Cenomanian		Arowhanan									93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
						Motuan									99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan									100.5
						Urutawan									103.3
					Taitai	Korangan									108.4
				Aptian		Korangan									113
				Aptian											117.5
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
			Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
			Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
			Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
			Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian					208.5
			Carnian					227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein	Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller		259.51
			Wordian					Leine		264.28
			Wordian					Leine	Noginskian	264.9 *
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian	283.5
			Artinskian						Rusavkinian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian						Missourian	Dorogomilovian	303.7
										Khamovnikian	304.8
										Krevyakinian	305.8 *
									Desmoinesian	Krevyakinian	305.9 *
			Moscovian							Myachkovian	307
										Podolskian	308.9 *
										Kashirian	311.4 *
									Atokan	Kashirian	312.7 *
										Vereian	313.8
										Melekessian	314.8
			Bashkirian							Melekessian	315.2
										Cheremshanian	316.9 *
									Morrowan	Cheremshanian	318.4 *
										Prikamian	318.6 *
										Severokeltmian	319.9 *
										Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
										Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
										Protvian	324.4 *
										Steshevian	326.8 *
										Tarusian	329 *
			Visean							Venevian	330.9
										Mikhailovian	331.9 *
										Aleksinian	333.7 *
									Meramecian	Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian			Meramecian	339.9 *
						Bobrikian			Osagean	343.1 *
						Radaevkian				343.4 *
			Tournaisian			Kosvian				346.7
						Kizelian				350.7 *
				Kinderhookian		Cherepetian			351.9 *
						Karakubian			354.4 *
						Upinian			356.3 *
						Malevkian			357.6 *
						Gumerovian			358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian		393.3
			Pragian				Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian				427.4
			Homerian		Whitwellian				429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian			489.5
									Aksaian			490.7 *
									Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian									494
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
								Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian					Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	Drumian						Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian						Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian						Amgan/Solvan			509
									Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
									Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian						Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian						Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian						Tommotian			521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian								Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian							Manykaian †		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
															1400