PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of North America						Precambrian of Russia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran													0
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Chibanian															0.129
				Chibanian		Castlecliffian													0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian													0.774
				Calabrian		Nukumaruan													1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian													2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian													3
				Zanclean		Waipipian													3.6
				Zanclean		Opoitian													3.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
				Tortonian		Tongaporutuan													7.246
				Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan													11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan													11.63
				Serravallian		Lillburnian													13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
						Clifdenian													15.1
					Pareora	Altonian													15.9
				Burdigalian		Altonian													15.98
				Burdigalian		Otaian													18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
						Duntroonian													25.2
						Whaingaroan													27.3
				Rupelian												Kekeamuan			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
					Arnold	Runangan													34.6
						Kaiatan													36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian													39.1
				Lutetian		Bortonian													41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
						Heretaungan													45.7
				Ypresian		Heretaungan											Bumbanian		47.8
						Mangaorapan													48.9
						Waipawan													52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian										Gashatan			56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
				Campanian		Haumurian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
				Santonian		Piripauan												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
				Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	86.1
				Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
				Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
						Mangaotanean													90.5
						Arowhanan													93.7
				Cenomanian		Arowhanan												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian													95.2
						Motuan													99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan												Late Albian	100.5
						Urutawan												Late Albian	103.3
						Urutawan												Middle Albian	106.2 *
					Taitai	Korangan												Middle Albian	108.4
																		Early Albian	109.9 *
				Aptian														Late Aptian	113
																		Late Aptian	117.5
																		Early Aptian	119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian			139.8
				Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
				Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian		Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
			Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			Late Bajocian	168.2
								Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
								Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
			Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
									Late Toarcian	180.1
									Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian	182
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
			Norian						Sevatian	208.5
									Alaunian	213.2 *
									Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian						Tuvalian	227
			Carnian						Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian	237
			Ladinian						Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian						Illyrian	242
									Pelsonian	243.8 *
									Bithynian	244.7 *
									Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian						Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan						Dienerian	251.2
			Induan						Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian								Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
											Huashibanian	318.5 *
											Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean							Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
			Visean			Jiusian				Middle Mississippian	335 *
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian				Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian								Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	Lochkovian							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian				Gamachian	443.8
			Katian								Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian			450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian			453
								Turinian			453.7 *
							Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
			Dapingian										467.3
			Dapingian		Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian		Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	470
			Floian				Tulean						473.9 *
			Tremadocian				Tulean						477.7
							Stairsian						480.3 *
							Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
												Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Stage 10													487.5
			Jiangshanian													489.5
													Aksaian			490.7 *
													Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian													494
			Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian										Mayan/Menevian			499.5
Drumian			500.5										Mayan/Menevian
Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan						504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan						509
			Toyonian						Lenian †				510 *
			Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian										514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian										515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian										521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian						Manykaian †				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian											Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau				1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan				1375
																			1400