PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran														0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene	Tarantian											0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene	Ionian											0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian		Middle Pleistocene	Ionian											0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian		Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan														1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan														1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian														2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian		Late Pliocene												2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian		Late Pliocene												3
		Zanclean		Waipipian		Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian		Early Pliocene												3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean		Late Miocene												5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan														7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan														7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan														11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan		Middle Miocene												11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian														13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian														13.82
				Clifdenian														15.1
			Pareora	Altonian														15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian		Early Miocene												15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian														18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian														20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian														21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian		Late Oligocene										Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Duntroonian														25.2
				Whaingaroan														27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene										Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan														34.6
				Kaiatan														36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan		Middle Eocene										Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian														39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian														41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan														42.6
				Heretaungan														45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan		Early Eocene											Bumbanian	47.8
				Mangaorapan														48.9
				Waipawan														52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Late Paleocene										Gashatan		56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian														66
		Campanian		Haumurian														72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan														83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan														86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
				Mangaotanean														90.5
				Arowhanan														93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan														93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian														95.2
				Motuan														99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan														100.5
				Urutawan														103.3
			Taitai	Korangan														108.4
		Aptian		Korangan														113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras		168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
					Planulata		179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense			181.3 *
					Carlottense			182.3 *
					Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae			184.2
					Freboldi			185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian								Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian							Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula					427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani					433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian	Cincinnatian					Gamachian			443.8
		Katian							Gamachian			445.2
									Richmondian			446 *
			Eastonian						Richmondian			449 *
									Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian				450.4 *
				Mohawkian					Chatfieldian				451.1 *
			Gisbornian										452 *
		Sandbian											453
									Turinian				453.7 *
				Whiterockian								Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian											467.3
			Castlemainian											468.5 *
			Castlemainian						Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	Ibexian					Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Bendigonian					471.8 *
			Lancefieldian					473.5 *
					Tulean		473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean		477.7
					Stairsian		480.3 *
					Skullrockian		Demingian †	482 *
			Warendian				Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
																		487.5