PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										Cenozoic 6	0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian						0.0117
		Chibanian							Ionian						0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian					Ionian						0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian											0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian											2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian											3
		Zanclean		Waipipian											3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian											3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan											7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan										Cenozoic 5	11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian											13.82
				Clifdenian											15.1
			Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian											15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian										Cenozoic 4	23.03
				Duntroonian											25.2
				Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Cenozoic 3	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan											34.6
				Kaiatan											36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan											37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian											39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian										Cenozoic 2	41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
				Heretaungan											45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan											47.8
				Mangaorapan											48.9
				Waipawan											52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian										Cenozoic 1	56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian										Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian		Haumurian										Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan										Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan											86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
				Mangaotanean											90.5
				Arowhanan											93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan										Cretaceous 5	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian											95.2
				Motuan											99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan										Cretaceous 4	100.5
				Urutawan											103.3
			Taitai	Korangan											108.4
		Aptian		Korangan										Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian												Cretaceous 3	117.5
		Barremian												Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian												Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian												Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian			139.8									Cretaceous 1
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6	145
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5	149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian			Jurassic 4	168.2
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Jurassic 3	174.7
		Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian			Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian			Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian			Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian			Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1	247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Permian 3	Amb	266.9
		Roadian			Permian 3		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian		Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian			Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian		Carboniferous 2	330.9
					Meramecian			335.8 *
					Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean		Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian		Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian			Ordovician 5	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †				Bolindian	445.2
			Kralodvorian					Eastonian	449 *
			Berounian					Eastonian	449.7 *
								Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian					Ordovician 4		453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †							458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Ordovician 3	Darriwilian			458.4
			Dobrotivian								458.5 *
			Oretanian								459.7 *
				Sarka †							461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †			Ordovician 2	Yapeenian			467.3
			Arenigian					Yapeenian			468
								Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian			470
								Bendigonian			471.8 *
								Lancefieldian			473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian				Ordovician 1	Lancefieldian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian				Ordovician 1	Warendian			482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Cambrian 5				485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †				Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian					Marjumian					Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan					Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4					Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3				Cambrian 2	Dyeran					514
							Montezuman					514.8 *
							Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1						529
															538.8