PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian Subages	European Faunal Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China			Ordovician of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian						0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian													0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian						Villanyian	Yushean						2.58
				Waipipian						Villanyian							3
										Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean															3.6
				Opoitian													3.7
				Opoitian							Baodean						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean						Turolian							5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
										Vallesian							8.7
			Southland	Waiauan													11.04
											Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian								Astaracian							11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian							Shanwangian						13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian								Orleanian							15.98
											Xiejiaan						16.9
				Otaian													18.7
										Agenian							20
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian													Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian													39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian													41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan												Bumbanian	47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Waipawan													52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian											Gashatan		56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian													66
		Campanian		Haumurian													72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan													83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan													86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
				Mangaotanean													90.5
				Arowhanan													93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan													93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian													95.2
				Motuan													99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan													100.5
				Urutawan													103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
					Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense		181.3 *
					Carlottense		182.3 *
					Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian							Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian					398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian					410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare					419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian		Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula					427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani					433.4
		Telychian		Adavere					434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere					438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju					Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu		Gamachian	445.2
									Pirgu		Richmondian	446 *
									Vormsi		Richmondian	449.6 *
									Vormsi		Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Nabala		Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
							Edenian		Nabala		450.4 *
				Viru			Edenian		Rakvere		450.6 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian	451.1 *		Rakvere
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian					Keila		Idavere †	453
						Turinian	Keila			453.7 *
							Haljala			453.9
							Kukruse			456.4 *
					Whiterockian		Kukruse			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
							Uhaku		Aluoja †			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku					458.4
							Lasnamagi					458.9 *
							Aseri					460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda					462.9 *
							Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
							Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
						Rangerian							469.1 *
						Rangerian	Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
								Latorp †				470.1 *
							Hunneberg					473.7 *
						Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean						477.7
						Stairsian						480.3 *
						Stairsian	Varangu					481.3 *
						Skullrockian	Varangu					Demingian †	482 *
							Pakerort					Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort						485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
																	487.5