PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian										Middle Pleistocene		0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian										Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan									MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian									MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian									MN 16	Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
				Waipipian									MN 16			3
													MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean												Early Pliocene		3.6
				Opoitian												3.7
													MN 14			4.2
													MN 13		Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean										Late Miocene		5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian											MN 12			7.246
													MN 11			7.75
													MN 10			8.7
													MN 9			9.7
			Southland	Waiauan									MN 9			11.04
													MN 7 + 8		Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian											MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene		11.63
													MN 6			12.8 *
				Lillburnian									MN 6			13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian									MN 5		Shanwangian	13.82
				Clifdenian												15.1
			Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian											MN 4	Early Miocene		15.98
													MN 3		Xiejiaan	16.9
				Otaian									MN 3			18.7
													MN 2			20
		Aquitanian														20.44
			Landon	Waitakian												21.7
													MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Late Oligocene		23.03
				Duntroonian												25.2
				Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian								Kekeamuan				Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan												34.6
				Kaiatan												36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian												39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian												41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
				Heretaungan												45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan							Bumbanian			Early Eocene		47.8
				Mangaorapan												48.9
				Waipawan												52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian						Gashatan				Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian												66
		Campanian		Haumurian												72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan												83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan												86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
				Mangaotanean												90.5
				Arowhanan												93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	100.5
				Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian		Keila				Idavere †	453
				Haljala					453.9
				Kukruse					456.4 *
				Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku					458.4
			Lasnamagi	458.9 *
			Aseri	460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
				Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
							Latorp †		470.1 *
				Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg					477.7
				Varangu					481.3 *
				Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan							Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran			Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran					514
						Montezuman					514.8 *
						Montezuman			Placentian		517.1
						Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																538.8