PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran																0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian																0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian																0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan																1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan																1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian																2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian																2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian																3
		Zanclean		Waipipian																3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian																3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean																5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan																7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan																7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan																11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan																11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian																13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian																13.82
				Clifdenian																15.1
			Pareora	Altonian																15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian																15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian																18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian																20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian																21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian														Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Duntroonian																25.2
				Whaingaroan																27.3
		Rupelian																Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan																34.6
				Kaiatan																36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan														Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian																39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian																41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan																42.6
				Heretaungan																45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan															Bumbanian	47.8
				Mangaorapan																48.9
				Waipawan																52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian														Gashatan		56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian																66
		Campanian		Haumurian																72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan																83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan																86.1
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
				Mangaotanean																90.5
				Arowhanan																93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan																93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian																95.2
				Motuan																99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan																100.5
				Urutawan																103.3
			Taitai	Korangan																108.4
		Aptian		Korangan																113
		Aptian																		117.5
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani		433.4
		Telychian				Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill		Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan				Pirgu	445.2
			Cautleyan			448.9 *
			Pusgillian			449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †				Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
				Cheneyan						Rakvere		451.5 *
				Cheneyan						Oandu		452 *
				Burrellian						Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
						Actonian †				Keila		453.2 *
						Actonian †				Haljala		453.9
						Marshbrookian †						Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †							455.2 *
										Kukruse			456.4 *
				Aurelucian									456.8 *
						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							457.4 *
						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						Uhaku			458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						Aseri			461.3 *
									Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
			Arenig	Fennian										468.4 *
										Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
				Whitlandian										471.1 *
				Whitlandian						Hunneberg				473.7 *
				Moridunian										474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian										477.7
				Cressagian										480.8 *
										Varangu				481.3 *
										Pakerort				482.2 *
														Mansian †	483.55 *
														Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																			486.3 *
									486.5
									Sunwaptan										487.5
		Jiangshanian														Jiangshanian			489.5
											Aksaian								490.7 *
											Sakian								492.2 *
									Steptoean										493 *
		Paibian														Paibian			494
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian								494.7 *
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian								Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian							Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian							Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Duyunian			Waucoban †	509
							Toyonian		Lenian †									510 *
							Toyonian									Dyeran		511 *
							Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3												Nangaoian				514
																Montezuman		514.8 *
							Atdabanian									Montezuman		515.6 *
							Atdabanian									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian	Meishucunian						521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian							Manykaian †					529
		Fortunian						Jinnigian	Manykaian †					530.7
																				538.8