PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran													Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene							Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
																	Irvingtonian		0.21
				Castlecliffian															0.34
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene								0.774
																	Blancan		1.4
				Nukumaruan															1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan															1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian															2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian				Tertiary †			Late Pliocene								2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian							Late Pliocene								3
		Zanclean		Waipipian							Early Pliocene								3.6
				Opoitian															3.7
				Opoitian													Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean							Late Miocene								5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan															7.2
		Tortonian																	7.246
																	Clarendonian		9.4
			Southland	Waiauan															11.04
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene								11.63
																	Barstovian		12.5
				Lillburnian															13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian															13.82
				Clifdenian															15.1
			Pareora	Altonian															15.9
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene								15.98
																	Hemingfordian		16.3
																	Arikareean		18.5
				Otaian															18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian															20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian															21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian							Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
				Duntroonian															25.2
				Whaingaroan															27.3
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan				27.82
																	Whitneyan		29.5
																	Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian		33.9
			Arnold	Runangan															34.6
				Kaiatan															36.7
																	Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
				Bortonian															39.1
																	Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan															42.6
				Heretaungan															45.7
																	Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene					Bumbanian			47.8
				Mangaorapan															48.9
				Mangaorapan													Wasatchian		50.5
				Waipawan													Wasatchian		52
				Waipawan													Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian							Late Paleocene				Gashatan		Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian									Late Paleocene				Gashatan		Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene						Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian									Early Paleocene						Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian		Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan				93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan				100.5
				Urutawan				103.3
			Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian		Korangan				113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
								Planulata	179.3 *
								Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
								Kanense		181.3 *
								Carlottense		182.3 *
								Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian						Kunae		184.2
								Freboldi		185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian									192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
					Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
					Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Lockportian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian				438.5
						Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Raikkula				439.4 *
				Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
							440.7 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan						445.2
							Cautleyan						448.9 *
							Pusgillian						449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian						Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan							451.5 *
							Burrellian							452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
													Actonian †	453.2 *
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian						Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn	467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian	470
							Whitlandian	471.1 *
							Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
						Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †		504.5
																			509