PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain				North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian														Rancholabrean	0.129
																Irvingtonian	0.21
				Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian															0.774
																Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian													2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian													3
		Zanclean		Waipipian													3.6
				Opoitian													3.7
				Opoitian												Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
																Clarendonian	9.4
			Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian															11.63
																Barstovian	12.5
				Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
																Hemingfordian	16.3
																Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian													23.03
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
																Whitneyan	29.5
																Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
																Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian															37.71
				Bortonian													39.1
																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Mangaorapan												Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan												Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian												Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian														Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian														Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian														Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian														Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian														Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian				427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian				429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
				Cheneyan						Rakvere		451.5 *
				Cheneyan						Oandu		452 *
				Burrellian						Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila		Idavere †		453
										Keila			Actonian †	453.2 *
			Haljala							453.9			Actonian †
										Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †				455.2 *
			Kukruse											456.4 *
				Aurelucian										456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
			Uhaku							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku	Llanvirn						Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
			Lasnamagi											458.9 *
			Aseri											460.4 *
			Aseri							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
			Oeland						Kunda					462.9 *
									Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian													467.3
				Arenig						Fennian					468.4 *
									Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
										Whitlandian					471.1 *
									Hunneberg	Whitlandian					473.7 *
										Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc						Migneintian					477.7
										Cressagian					480.8 *
									Varangu						481.3 *
									Pakerort						482.2 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
						486.5
						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian	Albertian †								497
		Drumian				Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan									504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran									506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran	Waucoban †								509
		Stage 4				Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran									514
						Montezuman									514.8 *
						Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
																	538.8