PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian of the Baltic	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Britain			North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean										0.129
						Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
				Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
						Blancan							Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
				Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian												2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian												3
		Zanclean		Waipipian												3.6
				Opoitian												3.7
				Opoitian		Hemphillian							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
						Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
			Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian														11.63
						Barstovian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
				Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian												13.82
				Clifdenian												15.1
			Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
						Hemingfordian							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
						Arikareean							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
				Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
														Monroecreekian		23.1 *
														Geringian		24.7 *
				Duntroonian												25.2
				Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
						Whitneyan										29.5
						Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
			Arnold	Runangan												34.6
				Kaiatan												36.7
						Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian														37.71
				Bortonian												39.1
						Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
				Heretaungan												45.7
						Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
				Mangaorapan												48.9
				Mangaorapan		Wasatchian							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
				Waipawan		Wasatchian							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
				Waipawan		Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian			61.6	Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1
		Danian			Puercan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
				Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			100.5
				Urutawan			103.3
			Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian		Korangan			113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian					Leine		264.28
		Wordian					Leine	Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian						Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian	303.7
								Khamovnikian	304.8
								Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian						Myachkovian	307
								Podolskian	308.9 *
								Kashirian	311.4 *
								Vereian	313.8
								Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian						Melekessian	315.2
								Cheremshanian	316.9 *
								Prikamian	318.6 *
								Severokeltmian	319.9 *
								Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
					Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian	Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian					Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian			449.3 *
					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		Pusgillian			449.5
							Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
						Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
						Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian			Dapingian		Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian				Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian		Tremadoc		Migneintian			477.7
								Lianghekou †	Migneintian			477.9 *
									Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
																485.4