PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of North America		Cambrian of Siberia		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian												0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan												1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian												2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian												3
		Zanclean		Waipipian												3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian												3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan												7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan												11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan												11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian												13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian												13.82
				Clifdenian												15.1
			Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian												15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian												23.03
				Duntroonian												25.2
				Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
			Arnold	Runangan												34.6
				Kaiatan												36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan												37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian												39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian												41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
				Heretaungan												45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan												47.8
				Mangaorapan												48.9
				Waipawan												52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian												56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian											Senonian	66
		Campanian		Haumurian												72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan												83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan												86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
				Mangaotanean												90.5
				Arowhanan												93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan												93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian												95.2
				Motuan												99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan											Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan												103.3
			Taitai	Korangan												108.4
		Aptian		Korangan												113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian													Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan		150
						Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				Flettian		264.28
		Wordian				Barettian		266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian						Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian						Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian						Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean						Shangsian	330.9
		Visean						Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian						Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian				Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian					Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
										Aksaian				490.7 *
										Sakian				492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian	Marjumian		Albertian †	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian									Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan			Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian			Waucoban †				509
											Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
								Dyeran			Toyonian			511 *
											Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3												514
								Montezuman						514.8 *
								Montezuman			Atdabanian			515.6 *
								Begadean			Atdabanian			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Tommotian			521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian									Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
																538.8