PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of North America						Permian of the Russian Platform		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean				0.129
																Irvingtonian	Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
				Castlecliffian																0.34
		Calabrian													Early Pleistocene					0.774
																Blancan	Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
				Nukumaruan																1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan																1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian																2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian											Late Pliocene					2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian											Late Pliocene					3
		Zanclean		Waipipian											Early Pliocene					3.6
				Opoitian																3.7
				Opoitian												Hemphillian	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean											Late Miocene					5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan																7.2
		Tortonian																		7.246
																Clarendonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
			Southland	Waiauan																11.04
		Serravallian													Middle Miocene					11.63
																Barstovian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
				Lillburnian																13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian																13.82
				Clifdenian																15.1
			Pareora	Altonian																15.9
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene					15.98
																Hemingfordian	Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
																Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
				Otaian																18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian																20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian																21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Late Oligocene					23.03
																		Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																		Geringian		24.7 *
				Duntroonian																25.2
				Whaingaroan																27.3
		Rupelian													Early Oligocene					27.82
																Whitneyan				29.5
																Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Late Eocene	Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
			Arnold	Runangan																34.6
				Kaiatan																36.7
																Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian													Middle Eocene					37.71
				Bortonian																39.1
																Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian																		41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan																42.6
				Heretaungan																45.7
																Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian													Early Eocene					47.8
				Mangaorapan																48.9
				Mangaorapan												Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
				Waipawan												Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
				Waipawan												Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian											Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian													Late Paleocene	Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	61.6										Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Puercan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Senonian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
				Mangaotanean					90.5
				Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan					93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
				Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Gallic			100.5
				Urutawan					103.3
			Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian		Korangan					113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
		Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian								Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian							Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian							Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
										Filipovian	276.5 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
										Irginian	285.9 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian							Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian									Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian				Gamachian				443.8
		Katian						Gamachian				445.2
								Richmondian				446 *
								Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian					450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian		453
				Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor				457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean									477.7
				Stairsian									480.3 *
				Skullrockian								Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Datsonian	485.4
													Payntonian	486.8 *
													Payntonian	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Iverian	489.5
		Paibian											Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian											Boomerangian	499
		Drumian											Undillan	500.5
		Drumian											Floran	503
		Wuliuan											Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan											Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4											Ordian	509
																				510.8 *