PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of North America						Mesozoic Subages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran														Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Sheridanian				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian																Rancholabrean	0.129
															Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
				Castlecliffian															0.34
		Calabrian																	0.774
															Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan															1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan															1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian															2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian															2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian															3
		Zanclean		Waipipian															3.6
				Opoitian															3.7
				Opoitian											Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean															5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan															7.2
		Tortonian																	7.246
															Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
			Southland	Waiauan															11.04
		Serravallian																	11.63
															late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
				Lillburnian															13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian															13.82
				Clifdenian															15.1
			Pareora	Altonian															15.9
		Burdigalian																	15.98
															Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
															late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian															18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian															20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian															21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
																Monroecreekian			23.1 *
																Geringian			24.7 *
				Duntroonian															25.2
				Whaingaroan															27.3
		Rupelian																	27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan															34.6
				Kaiatan															36.7
																		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																	37.71
				Bortonian															39.1
															Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan															42.6
				Heretaungan															45.7
															Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
				Mangaorapan															48.9
				Mangaorapan											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian			61.6												To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			86.1
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Mangaotanean				90.5
				Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
				Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Late Albian			100.5
				Urutawan	Late Albian			103.3
				Urutawan	Middle Albian			106.2 *
			Taitai	Korangan	Middle Albian			108.4
					Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian			113
					Late Aptian			117.5
					Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian			139.8
					Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
					Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian				174.7
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian			Sevatian				208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian				227
		Carnian			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian				237
		Ladinian			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian				242
					Pelsonian				243.8 *
					Bithynian				244.7 *
					Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian				251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian								Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian							Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
			Mohawkian					Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian					Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean					Ungurian	477.7
								Stairsian						480.3 *
								Skullrockian				Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian					Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10												487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
													Aksaian	490.7 *
													Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian											Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian												499.5
		Drumian											Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian											Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan											Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan												505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4												509
													Toyonian	510 *
													Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3			514								Botomian
		Stage 3			Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian								521
																			525.5