PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Units	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian									0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian					Villanyian	Tertiary †			2.58
				Waipipian					Villanyian				3
									Ruscinian				3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean					Turolian				5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
									Vallesian				8.7
			Southland	Waiauan					Vallesian				11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan					Astaracian				11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian									13.82
				Clifdenian									15.1
			Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian					Orleanian				15.98
				Otaian					Orleanian				18.7
									Agenian				20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
				Duntroonian									25.2
				Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian					Kekeamuan						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
			Arnold	Runangan									34.6
				Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian									41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
				Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan				Bumbanian					47.8
				Mangaorapan									48.9
				Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian			Gashatan						56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Senonian							66
		Campanian		Haumurian									72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan									83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
				Mangaotanean									90.5
				Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan									93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
				Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Gallic							100.5
				Urutawan									103.3
			Taitai	Korangan									108.4
		Aptian		Korangan									113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian							Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian									305.9
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian									Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani		433.4
		Telychian						Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †	504.5
													509