PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127308 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Australia	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian														Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian												Ionian	0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian													0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian							Tertiary †						2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian													3
		Zanclean		Waipipian													3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian													3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan													7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan													11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian													15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian													23.03
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan													37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian													39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian													41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan													47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Waipawan													52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian													56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian													66
		Campanian		Haumurian													72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan													83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan													86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
				Mangaotanean													90.5
				Arowhanan													93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan													93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian													95.2
				Motuan													99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan													100.5
				Urutawan													103.3
			Taitai	Korangan													108.4
		Aptian		Korangan													113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	Srbsko	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian	Chotec	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan			419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran			422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Bolindian					443.8
		Katian							Bolindian					445.2
									Eastonian					449 *
									Gisbornian					452 *
		Sandbian							Gisbornian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian		Yapeenian					467.3
		Dapingian		Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian					470
				Bendigonian					471.8 *
				Lancefieldian					473.5 *
		Tremadocian	477.7	Lancefieldian
		Tremadocian	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan					487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan					489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †					Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †				Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran					Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran						514
									Montezuman						514.8 *
									Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																	538.8