PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran														0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Tarantian												0.0117
		Chibanian				Ionian												0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian		Ionian												0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian														0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan														1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan														1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian														2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian							Tertiary †							2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian														3
		Zanclean		Waipipian														3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian														3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean														5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan														7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan			Pannonian											7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan			Pannonian											11.04
		Serravallian					Sarmatian											11.63
							Badenian											12.8 *
				Lillburnian			Badenian											13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian														13.82
				Clifdenian														15.1
			Pareora	Altonian														15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian														15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian														18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian														20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian														21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian														23.03
				Duntroonian														25.2
				Whaingaroan														27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
			Arnold	Runangan														34.6
				Kaiatan														36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan														37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian														39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian														41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan														42.6
				Heretaungan														45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan														47.8
				Mangaorapan														48.9
				Waipawan														52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian														56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian														66
		Campanian		Haumurian														72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan														83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan														86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
				Mangaotanean														90.5
				Arowhanan														93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan														93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian														95.2
				Motuan														99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan														100.5
				Urutawan														103.3
			Taitai	Korangan														108.4
		Aptian		Korangan														113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Midian	259.51
		Wordian				Midian	264.28
		Wordian				Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian				Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian	445.2
				Richmondian								446 *
				Maysvillian								Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
				Edenian									450.4 *
				Mohawkian							Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian									Chatfieldian		453
			Turinian								453.7 *
			Whiterockian								Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian									469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian								Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean										473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean										477.7
				Stairsian										480.3 *
				Skullrockian									Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian													Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4													Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3													Dyeran		514
															Montezuman		514.8 *
															Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																		538.8