PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran									0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian							Lujanian				0.129
											Ensenadan				0.3 *
						Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian									0.774
						Nukumaruan									1.63
											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian											1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian									2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean				2.58
											Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
						Waipipian									3
				Zanclean		Waipipian									3.6
						Opoitian					Montehermosan				3.7 *
						Opoitian					Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian											7.246
											Chasicoan				7.9 *
											Mayoan				9.9 *
											Laventan				10.9 *
					Southland	Waiauan									11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan									11.63
						Lillburnian									13.05
											Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian											13.82
						Clifdenian									15.1
						Clifdenian					Friasian				15.4 *
					Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian											15.98
											Santacrucian				16.2 *
											Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
						Otaian									18.7
				Aquitanian											20.44
											Deseadan				20.9 *
					Landon	Waitakian									21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian									23.03
						Duntroonian									25.2
						Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian											27.82
				Rupelian							Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
					Arnold	Runangan									34.6
						Runangan					Divisaderan				35.9 *
						Kaiatan									36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan									37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian									39.1
				Lutetian											41.2
											Mustersan				41.9 *
					Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
						Heretaungan									45.7
				Ypresian											47.8
											Casamayoran				47.9 *
						Mangaorapan									48.9
						Waipawan									52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian					Riochican				56
											Itaboraian				56.9 *
											Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
				Danian							Tiupampan				62.4 *
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan	145
			Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan	150
								Heterian	154.5
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
			Callovian					Temaikan	164.3
			Bathonian						165.3
			Bajocian						168.2
			Aalenian						170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
			Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
			Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
			Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
			Sinemurian						192.9
			Hettangian						199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian					Warepan	208.5
								Otamitan	217
								Oretian	221
			Carnian					Oretian	227
			Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian					Etalian	238
			Anisian					Etalian	242
			Anisian					Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
			Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian					Flettian	264.28
			Wordian					Barettian	266
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian			Bursumian †			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian			Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian			Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian			Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian			Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian			Chesterian	330.9
									Meramecian	335.8 *
									Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian			Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean				Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien	Southwoodian				Cazenovian		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian		Emsian	393.3
			Pragian									Siegen	407.6
			Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *							Siegen
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Gedinnine							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
															1400