PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127356 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran											Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
														Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
						Castlecliffian												0.34
				Calabrian														0.774
														Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
						Nukumaruan												1.63
				Gelasian		Nukumaruan												1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian												2.58
				Piacenzian		Waipipian												3
				Zanclean		Waipipian												3.6
						Opoitian												3.7
						Opoitian								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
				Tortonian														7.246
														Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
					Southland	Waiauan												11.04
				Serravallian														11.63
														late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
						Lillburnian												13.05
				Langhian		Lillburnian												13.82
						Clifdenian												15.1
					Pareora	Altonian												15.9
				Burdigalian														15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
						Otaian												18.7
				Aquitanian		Otaian												20.44
				Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian												21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
															Monroecreekian			23.1 *
															Geringian			24.7 *
						Duntroonian												25.2
						Whaingaroan												27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan												34.6
						Kaiatan												36.7
																	Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian														37.71
						Bortonian												39.1
														Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian														41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan												42.6
						Heretaungan												45.7
														Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian														47.8
						Mangaorapan												48.9
						Mangaorapan								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
						Waipawan								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	52
						Waipawan										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian												To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
Danian	61.6															To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian
Danian	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Puercan			63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			66
			Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
			Aptian		Korangan			113
			Aptian					117.5
			Barremian					121.4
			Hauterivian					125.77
			Valanginian					132.6
			Berriasian					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
			Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian						Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian					Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian					Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian					Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian					Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
			Norian							208.5
			Carnian							227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Virgilian	Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian							Missourian	Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian							Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian							Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian							Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian							Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian							Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chesterian		323.2
			Visean							Chesterian		330.9
										Meramecian		335.8 *
										Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian							Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian							Kinderhookian		351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian		Pirgu		Rawtheyan						445.2
							Cautleyan						448.9 *
							Pusgillian						449.3 *
					Vormsi		Caradoc					Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Nabala									Johvi †	450 *
				Viru	Rakvere	450.6 *
					Rakvere	Cheneyan						451.5 *
					Oandu	Cheneyan						452 *
					Oandu	Burrellian						452.7 *
			Sandbian		Keila							Idavere †		453
					Keila								Actonian †	453.2 *
					Haljala								Actonian †	453.9
													Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Kukruse				456.4 *
						Aurelucian			456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
					Uhaku				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
					Lasnamagi			458.9 *
					Aseri			460.4 *
					Aseri		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn	461.3 *
				Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
					Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
					Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
			Dapingian											467.3
Arenig						Fennian	468.4 *
					Billingen		469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				470
							Latorp †					470.1 *
						Whitlandian						471.1 *
					Hunneberg	Whitlandian						473.7 *
						Moridunian						474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc			Migneintian						477.7
						Cressagian						480.8 *
					Varangu							481.3 *
					Pakerort							482.2 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †		Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †		Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635