PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran														0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian															Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian													Ionian	0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian														0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan														1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan														1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian														2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian														2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian														3
		Zanclean		Waipipian														3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian														3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean														5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan														7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan														7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan														11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan														11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian														13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian														13.82
				Clifdenian														15.1
			Pareora	Altonian														15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian														15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian														18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian														20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian														21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian														23.03
				Duntroonian														25.2
				Whaingaroan														27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
			Arnold	Runangan														34.6
				Kaiatan														36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan														37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian														39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian														41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan														42.6
				Heretaungan														45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan														47.8
				Mangaorapan														48.9
				Waipawan														52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian														56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian														66
		Campanian		Haumurian														72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan														83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan														86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
				Mangaotanean														90.5
				Arowhanan														93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan														93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian														95.2
				Motuan														99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan														100.5
				Urutawan														103.3
			Taitai	Korangan														108.4
		Aptian		Korangan														113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
					Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense		181.3 *
					Carlottense		182.3 *
					Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
		Roadian						Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian							443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †							445.2
		Katian	Berounian								449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †									458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
			Dobrotivian										458.5 *
			Oretanian										459.7 *
				Sarka †									461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †									467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian										468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
														Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
														Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian															489.5
																Steptoean	493 *
														Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian												Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian					500.5								Marjumian
		Wuliuan					Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Caerfai	Waucoban †						509
		Stage 4			Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran								514
					Montezuman								514.8 *
					Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
																		538.8