PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian														Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian												Ionian	0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian													0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian									Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian													3
		Zanclean		Waipipian													3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian													3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan													7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan													11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian													15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian										23.03
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian											33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan											37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian													39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian													41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan			Bumbanian										47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Waipawan													52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian		Gashatan											56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian													66
		Campanian		Haumurian													72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan													83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan													86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
				Mangaotanean													90.5
				Arowhanan													93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan													93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian													95.2
				Motuan													99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan													100.5
				Urutawan													103.3
			Taitai	Korangan													108.4
		Aptian		Korangan													113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian			Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian			Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian				264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian				273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian				283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian				285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian				290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
									Xiaodushanian	300 *
										300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian							Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					330.9		Shangsian
		Visean				Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju						Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
				Viru						Rakvere		450.6 *
			Oandu							452 *
		Sandbian	Keila							Idavere †	453
			Haljala								453.9
			Kukruse								456.4 *
			Uhaku							Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku								458.4
			Lasnamagi								458.9 *
			Aseri								460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda							462.9 *
				Kunda						Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
				Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov								467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen								469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
				Hunneberg								473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg								477.7
				Varangu								481.3 *
				Pakerort								482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
								Sunwaptan					487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan					489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean					493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4												Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3			514									Dyeran
					Montezuman									514.8 *
					Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																	538.8