PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China	Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
				Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene			0.774
														Blancan	1.4
				Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian								Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian								Late Pliocene			3
		Zanclean		Waipipian								Early Pliocene			3.6
				Opoitian											3.7
				Opoitian										Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean								Late Miocene			5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian											Pannonian		7.246
														Clarendonian	9.4
			Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	Sarmatian		11.63
													Sarmatian	Barstovian	12.5
													Badenian		12.8 *
				Lillburnian									Badenian		13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian											13.82
				Clifdenian											15.1
			Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene			15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
				Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian								Late Oligocene			23.03
				Duntroonian											25.2
				Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene			27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
			Arnold	Runangan											34.6
				Kaiatan											36.7
														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene			37.71
				Bortonian											39.1
														Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
				Heretaungan											45.7
														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene			47.8
				Mangaorapan											48.9
				Mangaorapan										Wasatchian	50.5
				Waipawan										Wasatchian	52
				Waipawan										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian								Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian			Puercan	63.8						Early Paleocene
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan			93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
				Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan			100.5
				Urutawan			103.3
			Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian		Korangan			113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian			Gamachian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian		445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
									Richmondian	Eastonian	449 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
				Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			451.1 *
									Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian								453
						Turinian				453.7 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian						458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian						467.3
			Castlemainian						468.5 *
			Castlemainian			Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †		Chewtonian	470
											Bendigonian	471.8 *
											Lancefieldian	473.5 *
				Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean								477.7
				Stairsian								480.3 *
				Skullrockian					Demingian †			482 *
									Demingian †		Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
															487.5