PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America		Permian of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian								Lujanian				0.129
												Ensenadan				0.3 *
						Castlecliffian										0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian										0.774
						Nukumaruan										1.63
												Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian												1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean				2.58
												Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
						Waipipian										3
				Zanclean		Waipipian										3.6
						Opoitian						Montehermosan				3.7 *
						Opoitian						Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
												Chasicoan				7.9 *
												Mayoan				9.9 *
												Laventan				10.9 *
					Southland	Waiauan										11.04
				Serravallian		Waiauan										11.63
						Lillburnian										13.05
												Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian												13.82
						Clifdenian										15.1
						Clifdenian						Friasian				15.4 *
					Pareora	Altonian										15.9
				Burdigalian												15.98
												Santacrucian				16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
						Otaian										18.7
				Aquitanian												20.44
												Deseadan				20.9 *
					Landon	Waitakian										21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian										23.03
						Duntroonian										25.2
						Whaingaroan										27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
				Rupelian								Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
					Arnold	Runangan										34.6
						Runangan						Divisaderan				35.9 *
						Kaiatan										36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan										37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian										39.1
				Lutetian												41.2
												Mustersan				41.9 *
					Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
						Heretaungan										45.7
				Ypresian												47.8
												Casamayoran				47.9 *
						Mangaorapan										48.9
						Waipawan										52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian						Riochican				56
												Itaboraian				56.9 *
												Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
				Danian								Tiupampan				62.4 *
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian		Korangan		113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian					Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller	Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian				Leine	Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian					Kuhfengian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
			Artinskian					Luodianian	283.5
			Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
			Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
			Asselian					Zisongian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
			Gzhelian							Virgilian	300.1
			Kasimovian							Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean						Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
										Meramecian	335.8 *
										Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian									Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian									Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
		Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
			Aeronian										438.5
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10		Sunwaptan								487.5
			Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan								489.5
			Jiangshanian		Steptoean								493 *
			Paibian		Steptoean								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †								497
			Drumian	Marjumian									500.5
			Wuliuan	Topazan									504.5
			Wuliuan	Delamaran									506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †								509
			Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
			Stage 3	Dyeran									514
				Montezuman									514.8 *
				Begadean									519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian					1200							Yurmatian
		Ectasian					Burzyan							1375
																1400