PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran										0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian										0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian						Tertiary †				2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian										3
		Zanclean		Waipipian										3.6
		Zanclean		Opoitian										3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean										5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan										7.246
		Tortonian	Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian		Waiauan										11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian										13.82
				Clifdenian										15.1
			Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian		Altonian										15.98
		Burdigalian		Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian										23.03
				Duntroonian										25.2
				Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
			Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Kaiatan										36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan										37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian										39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian										41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
				Heretaungan										45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan										47.8
				Mangaorapan										48.9
				Waipawan										52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian										56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian										66
		Campanian		Haumurian										72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan										83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan										86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
				Mangaotanean										90.5
				Arowhanan										93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan										93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian										95.2
				Motuan										99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan										100.5
				Urutawan										103.3
			Taitai	Korangan										108.4
		Aptian		Korangan										113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Zechstein	Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Severodvinian	Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian		Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian		Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
								Filipovian			276.5 *
								Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian			283.5
							Irginian				285.9 *
							Burtsevian				287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian				290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian				291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian				293.52
							Uskalykian				294.8
							Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian						298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian						303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian						307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian						323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian						330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian		365.3 *
										Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian								Late Frasnian		372.2
										Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
										Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Late Givetian		382.7
										Middle Givetian		383.7 *
										Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian								Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian								Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian								Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian								Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian								Late Lochkovian		410.8
										Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian						415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan							485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †							Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran			514
										Montezuman			514.8 *
										Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
														538.8