PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Australia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran					Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene				Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean					0.129
									Irvingtonian		Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
				Castlecliffian										0.34
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene							0.774
									Blancan		Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
				Nukumaruan										1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan										1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian										2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian			Late Pliocene							2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian			Late Pliocene							3
		Zanclean		Waipipian			Early Pliocene							3.6
				Opoitian										3.7
				Opoitian					Hemphillian		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean			Late Miocene							5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan										7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
									Clarendonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
			Southland	Waiauan										11.04
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene							11.63
									Barstovian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
				Lillburnian										13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian										13.82
				Clifdenian										15.1
			Pareora	Altonian										15.9
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene							15.98
									Hemingfordian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
									Arikareean		late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
				Otaian										18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian										20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian										21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene							23.03
												Monroecreekian		23.1 *
												Geringian		24.7 *
				Duntroonian										25.2
				Whaingaroan										27.3
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene							27.82
									Whitneyan					29.5
									Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene		Chadronian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
			Arnold	Runangan										34.6
				Kaiatan										36.7
									Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene							37.71
				Bortonian										39.1
									Uintan		Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian												41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
				Heretaungan										45.7
									Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene							47.8
				Mangaorapan										48.9
				Mangaorapan					Wasatchian		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
				Waipawan					Wasatchian		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
				Waipawan					Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian			Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian					Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	61.6			Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Puercan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		Senonian			66
		Campanian		Haumurian					72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan					83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
				Mangaotanean					90.5
				Arowhanan					93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan					93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
				Motuan					99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		Gallic			100.5
				Urutawan					103.3
			Taitai	Korangan					108.4
		Aptian		Korangan					113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
		Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Wuchiapingian							Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian								Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian							Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian							Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
										Filipovian		276.5 *
										Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian							Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
										Irginian		285.9 *
										Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian							Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
										Uskalykian		294.8
										Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7	Mapingian †
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian	489.5
		Paibian	Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian	499
		Drumian	Undillan	500.5
		Drumian	Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian	509
														510.8 *