PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Australia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran													0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Nihewanian					0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian		Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian		Castlecliffian													0.774
		Calabrian		Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian								Yushean					2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian													3
		Zanclean		Waipipian													3.6
				Opoitian													3.7
				Opoitian								Baodean					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian		Tongaporutuan													7.246
			Southland	Waiauan													11.04
												Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian															11.63
		Serravallian		Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian								Shanwangian					13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
												Xiejiaan					16.9
				Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian													23.03
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
		Bartonian		Kaiatan													37.71
		Bartonian		Bortonian													39.1
		Lutetian		Bortonian													41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
		Ypresian		Heretaungan													47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Waipawan													52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian													56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian			Lancian/Edmontonian										66
		Campanian		Haumurian			Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan													83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan													86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
				Mangaotanean													90.5
				Arowhanan													93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan													93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian													95.2
				Motuan													99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan													100.5
				Urutawan													103.3
			Taitai	Korangan													108.4
		Aptian		Korangan													113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan		150
						Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		254.14
						Puruhauan		254.2
						Puruhauan		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian	Aparima			Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Urzhumian				Barettian	266
		Roadian			Kazanian			Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian			Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
								Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian	276
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian			Sarginian		283.5
								Sarginian	Telfordian	285
							Irginian	285.9 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
							Burtsevian		288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian		Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	Bolindian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian							Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
				Eastonian							Cautleyan	449 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
			Berounian								Streffordian		449.7 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
				Gisbornian							Cheneyan		452 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Aurelucian					456.8 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
										Liben †		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian					Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
			Dobrotivian													458.5 *
			Oretanian													459.7 *
											Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
										Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †						Yapeenian						467.3
			Arenigian													468
									Arenig		Fennian					468.4 *
										Castlemainian						468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Chewtonian						470
										Chewtonian	Whitlandian					471.1 *
										Bendigonian						471.8 *
										Lancefieldian						473.5 *
											Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian						Tremadoc		Migneintian					477.7
											Cressagian					480.8 *
										Warendian	Cressagian					482.8 *
										Warendian						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †						485.4
		Jiangshanian						Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian						Paibian								494
		Paibian						Paibian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian						494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Guzhangian		Wangcunian †						497
		Drumian						Drumian		Wangcunian †						500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian			530.7
																	538.8