PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Australia	Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones		South American Land Mammal Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran												0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian		Lujanian		Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian								Sheridanian						0.129
										Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
												Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Castlecliffian												0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
										Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Nukumaruan												1.63
												Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian														1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian												2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Vorohuean		Yushean	Tertiary †	2.58
												Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Waipipian												3
		Zanclean		Waipipian												3.6
				Opoitian								Montehermosan				3.7 *
										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian		Montehermosan				4.7
												Huayquerian		Baodean		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean												5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan												7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
												Chasicoan				7.9 *
										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian		Chasicoan				9.4
												Mayoan				9.9 *
												Laventan				10.9 *
			Southland	Waiauan												11.04
														Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian														11.63
										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Lillburnian												13.05
												Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian												Shanwangian		13.82
				Clifdenian												15.1
				Clifdenian								Friasian				15.4 *
			Pareora	Altonian												15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
												Santacrucian				16.2 *
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
														Xiejiaan		16.9
												Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Otaian												18.7
		Aquitanian														20.44
												Deseadan				20.9 *
			Landon	Waitakian												21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
											Monroecreekian					23.1 *
											Geringian					24.7 *
				Duntroonian												25.2
				Whaingaroan												27.3
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan								27.82
												Tinguirirican				28.9 *
																29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
			Arnold	Runangan												34.6
				Runangan								Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Kaiatan												36.7
																37
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
				Bortonian												39.1
										Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian			41.2
					Mustersan	41.9 *
			Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
				Heretaungan		45.7
						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian	46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian		47.8
					Casamayoran				47.9 *
				Mangaorapan					48.9
				Mangaorapan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
				Waipawan		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			52
				Waipawan					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Gashatan			Riochican	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
								Riochican	Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
								Itaboraian		56.9 *
								Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian								61.6
								Tiupampan		62.4 *
								Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian				Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian		Haumurian				Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan								83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
				Mangaotanean								90.5
				Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan								93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
				Motuan								99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan								100.5
				Urutawan								103.3
			Taitai	Korangan								108.4
		Aptian		Korangan								113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian									Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian									Laoshanian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian									Laibinian	Longtanian †	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian									Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian									Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian									Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian									Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian									Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian									Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian											300.1
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian		443.8
		Katian		Bolindian		445.2
				Eastonian		449 *
				Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian	453	Gisbornian
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian	Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	470
			Bendigonian	471.8 *
			Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
																509