PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128254 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ten Million Year Bins	Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America		South American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran	Cenozoic 6							0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian			Lujanian		0.0117
				Chibanian					Ionian			Lujanian		0.129
												Ensenadan		0.3 *
						Castlecliffian								0.34
				Calabrian		Castlecliffian								0.774
						Nukumaruan								1.63
												Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
				Gelasian										1.8
				Gelasian		Mangapanian								2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Vorohuean		2.58
												Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
						Waipipian								3
				Zanclean		Waipipian								3.6
						Opoitian						Montehermosan		3.7 *
						Opoitian						Huayquerian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
				Messinian		Tongaporutuan								7.2
				Tortonian				Pannonian						7.246
												Chasicoan		7.9 *
												Mayoan		9.9 *
												Laventan		10.9 *
					Southland	Waiauan								11.04
				Serravallian			Cenozoic 5	Sarmatian						11.63
								Badenian						12.8 *
						Lillburnian								13.05
												Colloncuran		13.7 *
				Langhian										13.82
						Clifdenian								15.1
						Clifdenian						Friasian		15.4 *
					Pareora	Altonian								15.9
				Burdigalian										15.98
												Santacrucian		16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
						Otaian								18.7
				Aquitanian										20.44
												Deseadan		20.9 *
					Landon	Waitakian								21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian	Cenozoic 4							23.03
						Duntroonian								25.2
						Whaingaroan								27.3
				Rupelian										27.82
				Rupelian								Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3							33.9
					Arnold	Runangan								34.6
						Runangan						Divisaderan		35.9 *
						Kaiatan								36.7
				Bartonian		Kaiatan								37.71
				Bartonian		Bortonian								39.1
				Lutetian			Cenozoic 2							41.2
												Mustersan		41.9 *
					Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
						Heretaungan								45.7
				Ypresian										47.8
												Casamayoran		47.9 *
						Mangaorapan								48.9
						Waipawan								52
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Cenozoic 1					Riochican		56
												Itaboraian		56.9 *
												Peligran		58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
Tiupampan	62.4 *			Danian
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Cretaceous 8				66
			Campanian		Haumurian	Cretaceous 7				72.1
			Santonian		Piripauan	Cretaceous 6				83.6
			Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
			Coniacian							86.3
			Turonian							89.8
					Mangaotanean				90.5
					Arowhanan				93.7
			Cenomanian		Arowhanan	Cretaceous 5			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
					Motuan				99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Cretaceous 4			100.5
					Urutawan				103.3
				Taitai	Korangan				108.4
			Aptian		Korangan	Cretaceous 3			113
			Aptian			Cretaceous 3			117.5
			Barremian			Cretaceous 2			121.4
			Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2			125.77
			Valanginian			Cretaceous 1			132.6
			Berriasian			Cretaceous 1			139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6			145
			Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5			149.2
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
			Bathonian			Jurassic 4			165.3
			Bajocian			Jurassic 4			168.2
			Aalenian			Jurassic 3			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Jurassic 3			174.7
			Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		184.2
			Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		192.9
			Hettangian			Jurassic 1		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian			Triassic 4		208.5
			Carnian			Triassic 3		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			Triassic 2		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			Triassic 1		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian			Permian 1		Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Carboniferous 2		Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Devonian 1				Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian			Devonian 1				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1					433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ordovician 5					443.8
			Katian			Ordovician 5					445.2
			Sandbian			Ordovician 4					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Ordovician 3					458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					485.4
			Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian	489.5							Sunwaptan
			Jiangshanian	Steptoean							493 *
			Paibian	Steptoean							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †					497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian						500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Topazan						504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran						506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †					509
			Stage 4		Dyeran						511 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Dyeran						514
					Montezuman						514.8 *
					Begadean						519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400