PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian of North America			Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Wanganui	Haweran	Cenozoic 6							Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean					0.129
												Irvingtonian					0.21
				Castlecliffian													0.34
		Calabrian															0.774
												Blancan					1.4
				Nukumaruan													1.63
		Gelasian		Nukumaruan													1.8
		Gelasian		Mangapanian													2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Mangapanian													2.58
		Piacenzian		Waipipian													3
		Zanclean		Waipipian													3.6
				Opoitian													3.7
				Opoitian								Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Taranaki	Kapitean													5.333
		Messinian		Tongaporutuan													7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
												Clarendonian					9.4
			Southland	Waiauan													11.04
		Serravallian			Cenozoic 5												11.63
												Barstovian					12.5
				Lillburnian													13.05
		Langhian		Lillburnian													13.82
				Clifdenian													15.1
			Pareora	Altonian													15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
												Hemingfordian					16.3
												Arikareean					18.5
				Otaian													18.7
		Aquitanian		Otaian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Landon	Waitakian													21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Waitakian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
				Duntroonian													25.2
				Whaingaroan													27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
												Whitneyan					29.5
												Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Cenozoic 3							Chadronian					33.9
			Arnold	Runangan													34.6
				Kaiatan													36.7
												Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian															37.71
				Bortonian													39.1
												Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2												41.2
			Dannevirke	Porangan													42.6
				Heretaungan													45.7
												Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
				Mangaorapan													48.9
				Mangaorapan								Wasatchian					50.5
				Waipawan								Wasatchian					52
				Waipawan								Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Teurian	Cenozoic 1							Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian										Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian		Haumurian	Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan	Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
				Mangaotanean			90.5
				Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan	Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
				Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Cretaceous 4		100.5
				Urutawan			103.3
			Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3		117.5
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian			Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian			Jurassic 1		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian			Jurassic 1		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian			Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian			Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian							Wordian	264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5						298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5						303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5						Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4						Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3						Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2							393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1	407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien					408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2	Ohesaare					Cayugan		419.2
						Kaugetuma					Cayugan		421.7 *
						Kaugetuma					Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare							423
		Ludfordian				Paadla							423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula							Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu							Lockportian	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu								430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani								431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1	Jaani							Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere								434 *
		Aeronian		438.5
				Alexandrian										438.7 *
						Raikkula								439.4 *
											Medinan		Clinton	440.1 *
														440.7 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Ashgill			Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian												Rawtheyan	445.2
														Cautleyan	448.9 *
														Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
														Cheneyan		451.5 *
														Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
								Actonian †							453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †							Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †								455.2 *
								Longvillian †						Aurelucian		456.8 *
							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							Aurelucian	457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig				Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Fennian				470
											Whitlandian				471.1 *
											Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Tremadoc				Migneintian				477.7
							Tremadoc				Cressagian				480.8 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5												485.4
		Jiangshanian													489.5
		Paibian													494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4												497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4												500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3												509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																	538.8