PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian of North America		Devonian Subages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean								0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean								0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean								0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean								0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian								0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian								0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan								1.4
				Gelasian									MN 17	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									MN 16	2.58
				Piacenzian									MN 15	3.2
				Zanclean									MN 15	3.6
													MN 14	4.2
						Hemphillian							MN 14	4.7
													MN 13	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian									MN 13	5.333
				Tortonian									MN 12	7.246
													MN 11	7.75
													MN 10	8.7
						Clarendonian							MN 10	9.4
													MN 9	9.7
													MN 7 + 8	11.1
				Serravallian										11.63
						Barstovian								12.5
													MN 6	12.8 *
				Langhian									MN 5	13.82
				Burdigalian									MN 4	15.98
						Hemingfordian							MN 4	16.3
						Hemingfordian							MN 3	16.9
						Arikareean							MN 3	18.5
													MN 2	20
				Aquitanian									MN 2	20.44
				Aquitanian									MN 1	22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
				Rupelian							Kekeamuan			27.82
						Whitneyan								29.5
						Orellan								31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian								46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian						Bumbanian		47.8
						Wasatchian								50.5
						Clarkforkian								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian					Gashatan			56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian					Gashatan			56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian								59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian								60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian								61.6
				Danian		Puercan								63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian							66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic							100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian			Neocomian							125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
			Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		168.2
			Aalenian		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
			Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
			Norian		208.5
			Carnian		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian		Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian		Wordian			264.28
			Roadian		Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian				Autunian	Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian		Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian					Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
			Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
			Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian					307
			Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian					323.2
			Visean		Middle Mississippian					330.9
			Tournaisian		Early Mississippian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Late Famennian			358.9
										Middle Famennian			365.3 *
										Early Famennian			368.5 *
			Frasnian							Late Frasnian			372.2
										Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
										Early Frasnian			379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Late Givetian			382.7
										Middle Givetian			383.7 *
										Early Givetian			385.9 *
			Eifelian							Late Eifelian			387.7
			Eifelian							Early Eifelian		390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Late Emsian		393.3
			Emsian							Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian							Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian	410.8
										Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
			Telychian							Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian	438.5						Adavere
			Aeronian	Raikkula						439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula						440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru						441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
Stage 3		Series 2	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
														1400