PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean					2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
				Hemphillian									4.7
								Baodean					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
				Clarendonian									9.4
								Tunggurian					11.1
		Serravallian											11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian						Shanwangian					13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
				Hemingfordian									16.3
				Hemingfordian				Xiejiaan					16.9
				Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
				Whitneyan									29.5
				Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian									47.8
				Wasatchian									50.5
				Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian		Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan						145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan						150
							Heterian						154.5
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Callovian	Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi		Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
		Norian			Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
		Carnian			Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian			Etalian	238
		Anisian			Etalian	242
		Anisian			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Barettian	266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort			485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian		509
		Stage 3	Branchian		514
		Stage 3	Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
													538.8