PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia		Permian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean					Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean									Late Pleistocene				0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean									Middle Pleistocene				0.129
			Irvingtonian													0.21
									Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene				0.774
			Blancan													1.4
									Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian			Late Pliocene				2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian			Late Pliocene				3
		Zanclean							Waipipian			Early Pliocene				3.6
									Opoitian							3.7
			Hemphillian						Opoitian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean			Late Miocene				5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
			Clarendonian													9.4
								Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene				11.63
			Barstovian													12.5
									Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian							13.82
									Clifdenian							15.1
								Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene				15.98
			Hemingfordian													16.3
			Arikareean													18.5
									Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian			Late Oligocene				23.03
									Duntroonian							25.2
									Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian										Early Oligocene				27.82
			Whitneyan													29.5
			Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian									Late Eocene				33.9
								Arnold	Runangan							34.6
									Kaiatan							36.7
			Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene				37.71
									Bortonian							39.1
			Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
									Heretaungan							45.7
			Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene				47.8
									Mangaorapan							48.9
			Wasatchian						Mangaorapan							50.5
			Wasatchian						Waipawan							52
			Clarkforkian						Waipawan							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian						Teurian			Late Paleocene				56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian									Late Paleocene				56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian									Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian									Middle Paleocene				60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian									Early Paleocene				61.6
		Danian	Puercan									Early Paleocene				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian	Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian		Haumurian	Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan	150
							Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian				Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian				Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
								Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								283.5
								Telfordian		285
						Wolfcampian		Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian						Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
			Mohawkian						Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian							Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian						Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
												Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian			485.4
		Stage 10													487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
										Aksaian					490.7 *
										Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan								Amgan/Solvan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Amgan/Solvan					509
										Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
										Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian					514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian					521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian								Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †				529
																538.8