PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Devonian of Germany	Carboniferous of North America	Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
				Hemingfordian								16.3
				Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
				Whitneyan								29.5
				Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian								47.8
				Wasatchian								50.5
				Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian		Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian			100.5
									Middle Albian			106.2 *
									Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian			139.8
									Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
									Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian			174.7
			Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
			Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian			208.5
			Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian							Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		307			Desmoinesian
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		Chesterian			323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		Chesterian			330.9
						Meramecian			335.8 *
						Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				Late Famennian	358.9
										Middle Famennian	365.3 *
										Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Adorf				Late Frasnian	372.2
										Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
										Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
										Middle Givetian	383.7 *
										Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Siegen	Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian				410.8
						Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli									Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian								Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian								Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru	441.4 *
												443.8