PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of North America			Devonian of Germany	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian												0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean						Villanyian						2.58
		Piacenzian								Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean		Baodean												4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Turolian						5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian						7.246
										Vallesian						8.7
				Tunggurian						Vallesian						11.1
		Serravallian		Tunggurian						Astaracian						11.63
		Langhian		Shanwangian						Astaracian						13.82
		Burdigalian		Shanwangian						Orleanian						15.98
				Xiejiaan						Orleanian						16.9
										Agenian						20
		Aquitanian								Agenian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Vokhmian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							Vokhmian							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							259.51
		Wordian							Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
		Roadian							Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian														273.01
		Artinskian														283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian		443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian						Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
								Dobrotivian					458.5 *
								Oretanian					459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8