PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe		Permian of North America		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian								Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Chibanian		Ionian								Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Calabrian										Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Gelasian										Early Pleistocene		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene	Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian											Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian											Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian										Middle Miocene	Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian										Middle Miocene	Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian										Early Miocene	Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian											Agenian	20
				Aquitanian											Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene		33.9
				Bartonian										Middle Eocene		37.71
				Lutetian										Middle Eocene		41.2
				Ypresian										Early Eocene		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene		56
				Selandian										Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Danian										Early Paleocene		61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian								259.51
				Wordian				Wordian								264.28
				Roadian				Roadian								266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian							273.01
				Kungurian					Hessian							281.9 *
				Artinskian					Hessian							283.5
				Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							286.1 *
				Sakmarian					Lenoxian							290.1
Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
			Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian		323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian		330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	Jiangshanian			489.5
									Aksaian				490.7 *
									Sakian				492.2 *
			Paibian							Paibian			494
			Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
			Guzhangian							Guzhangian			499.5
			Drumian						Zhanaarykian	Drumian			500.5
			Drumian						Tuesaian	Drumian			503
			Wuliuan						Tuesaian	Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
			Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian			505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
									Toyonian				510 *
									Botomian				512.5 *
			Stage 3						Botomian	Nangaoian			514
			Stage 3						Atdabanian	Nangaoian			515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian	Meishucunian			521
			Stage 2										525.5
			Fortunian										529
	Jinnigian		Fortunian							530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635