PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Devonian Subages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		European Faunal Zones	Permian of Western Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian										MN 17		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian								MN 16		2.58
						Ruscinian								MN 16		3.1 *
														MN 15		3.2
				Zanclean										MN 15		3.6
														MN 14		4.2
														MN 13		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian		Turolian								MN 13		5.333
				Tortonian										MN 12		7.246
														MN 11		7.75
						Vallesian								MN 10		8.7
														MN 9		9.7
														MN 7 + 8		11.1
				Serravallian		Astaracian								MN 7 + 8		11.63
				Serravallian										MN 6		12.8 *
				Langhian										MN 5		13.82
				Burdigalian		Orleanian								MN 4		15.98
						Orleanian								MN 3		16.9
						Agenian								MN 2		20
				Aquitanian										MN 2		20.44
				Aquitanian										MN 1		22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian								Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
				Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian									Bumbanian			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Gashatan				56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Zechstein	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian						Rotliegendes	259.51
				Wordian					Wordian							264.28
Roadian				Roadian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
			Kungurian		Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian		Hessian		Autunian	283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
			Sakmarian		Lenoxian			290.1
			Asselian		Nealian			293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
			Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian					307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian					323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian					330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian			383.7 *
						Early Givetian			385.9 *
			Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
			Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian			393.3
			Emsian			Early Emsian			398.3 *
			Pragian			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
						Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
			Telychian						Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
	Stage 3	Series 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan		1375
																1400