PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian of France	Cambrian of Australia	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian							Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian									0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Yushean	Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian											Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean										Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian											Turolian	7.246
													Vallesian	8.7
												Tunggurian	Vallesian	11.1
		Serravallian										Tunggurian	Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian										Shanwangian	Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian										Shanwangian	Orleanian	15.98
												Xiejiaan	Orleanian	16.9
													Agenian	20
		Aquitanian											Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan							145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan							150
							Heterian							154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan							164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan							176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan							184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran							188.9
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian							201.4
		Norian					Warepan							208.5
							Otamitan							217
							Oretian							221
		Carnian					Oretian							227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan							227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan							237
		Ladinian					Etalian							238
		Anisian					Etalian							242
		Anisian	Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian	Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
				Puruhauan	254.2
				Puruhauan	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		Urzhumian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		Urzhumian	266
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
				Mangapirian		Irenian/Ufimian	276
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
				Telfordian		Sarginian	285
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
						Burtsevian	288.5
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
						Uskalykian	294.8
						Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian	Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian		407.6
		Pragian						Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
										Payntonian		486.8 *
										Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Idamean		Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian			499
		Drumian								Undillan			500.5
		Drumian								Floran			503
		Wuliuan								Templetonian	Topazan		504.5
										Templetonian	Delamaran		506.5
										Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4								Ordian		Waucoban †	509
													510.8 *
											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
														538.8