PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian						Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian												Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean	Tertiary †						2.58
		Zanclean						Yushean							3.6
		Zanclean						Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian						Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian						Tunggurian							11.63
		Langhian						Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian						Shanwangian							15.98
		Burdigalian						Xiejiaan							16.9
		Aquitanian						Xiejiaan							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan										150
					Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan										176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan										184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran										188.9
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian			Warepan										208.5
					Otamitan										217
					Oretian										221
		Carnian			Oretian										227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan										227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan										237
		Ladinian			Etalian										238
		Anisian			Etalian										242
		Anisian			Malakovian										246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian										247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian										249
		Induan	251.2		Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	Longtanian †	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		264.28
		Wordian		Barettian		266
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Niuchehean			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Paibian				494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †		Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian					Stage 5 †		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian					Stage 5 †		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Duyunian							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Nangaoian							Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian									530.7
															538.8