PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian					0.0117
		Chibanian					Ionian					0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian										283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian									298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian									303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian									307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian		443.8
		Katian					Bolindian		445.2
							Eastonian		449 *
							Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian					Gisbornian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian		458.4
		Dapingian					Yapeenian		467.3
		Dapingian					Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian		470
							Bendigonian		471.8 *
							Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian					Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian					Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian					Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran			Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran				514
							Montezuman				514.8 *
							Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
												538.8