PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian										0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian										0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian											Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian											Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian													293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian											Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian												Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian													305.9
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian												307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10									Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										489.5
						Aksaian						490.7 *
						Sakian						492.2 *
											Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian	St Davids					497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian						504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai					509
						Toyonian						510 *
						Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian						514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian						521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
															538.8