PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Siberia			Silurian of the Baltic	European Faunal Zones	Carboniferous of China	Devonian Subages	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian							MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian							MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean							MN 15				3.6
									MN 14				4.2
									MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12				7.246
									MN 11				7.75
									MN 10				8.7
									MN 9				9.7
									MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian							MN 7 + 8				11.63
		Serravallian							MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian							MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian							MN 4				15.98
									MN 3				16.9
									MN 2				20
		Aquitanian							MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian		Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian		Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
				Huashibanian	318.5 *
				Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
					Middle Famennian		365.3 *
					Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
					Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
					Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian		383.7 *
					Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian	Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian	Emsian	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian	Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani			433.4
		Telychian			Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Tremadocian						Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian						Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
								Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian	Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian	Botomian			514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian							Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
													538.8