PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian									100.5
					Middle Albian									106.2 *
					Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian									113
		Aptian			Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
					Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
					Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites							168.2
					Late Bajocian			Humphresianum						168.4
					Early Bajocian			Humphresianum						168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense						174.7
					Late Toarcian									180.1
					Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							182
					Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni							184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi							192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian			Sevatian									208.5
					Alaunian									213.2 *
					Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian									227
		Carnian			Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian									237
		Ladinian			Fassanian									239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian									242
					Pelsonian									243.8 *
					Bithynian									244.7 *
					Aegean									245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian									247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian									248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian									251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian									251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian							Wordian					264.28
		Roadian							Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian				273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian				283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian				290.1
		Asselian								Nealian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †						298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †						303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian							307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian							323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian							330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian				443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
						Dobrotivian		458.5 *
						Oretanian		459.7 *
								Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian		Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian		485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian		489.5
						Aksaian		490.7 *
						Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian		497
		Guzhangian						499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan						505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						509
						Toyonian		510 *
						Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian		514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian	521
														525.5