PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of China			Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of China		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian														Lujanian		0.129
																Ensenadan		0.3 *
											Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian							0.774
											Nukumaruan							1.63
																Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian																1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Vorohuean		2.58
																Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
											Waipipian							3
		Zanclean									Waipipian							3.6
											Opoitian					Montehermosan		3.7 *
											Opoitian					Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
																Chasicoan		7.9 *
																Mayoan		9.9 *
																Laventan		10.9 *
										Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian									Waiauan							11.63
											Lillburnian							13.05
																Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian																13.82
											Clifdenian							15.1
											Clifdenian					Friasian		15.4 *
										Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
																Santacrucian		16.2 *
																Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
											Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian																20.44
																Deseadan		20.9 *
										Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Waitakian							23.03
											Duntroonian							25.2
											Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
		Rupelian														Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
										Arnold	Runangan							34.6
											Runangan					Divisaderan		35.9 *
											Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian																41.2
																Mustersan		41.9 *
										Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
											Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian																47.8
																Casamayoran		47.9 *
											Mangaorapan							48.9
											Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian					Riochican		56
																Itaboraian		56.9 *
																Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
		Danian														Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan	150
							Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian					Flettian	264.28
		Wordian					Barettian	266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
							Telfordian	285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian		Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	Gleedonian				427.4
			Jaagarahu	Gleedonian				429.2 *
				Whitwellian				429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani					433.4
		Telychian	Adavere					434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere					438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian					Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian					Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian					Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian							470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian							477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian						Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
												Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Sunwaptan	487.5
												Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian			489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
												Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian											Paibian			494
		Paibian											Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian	Albertian †	St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian				Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran				Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	Caerfai		Duyunian		509
		Stage 4								Dyeran				Duyunian		511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran				Nangaoian		514
										Montezuman						514.8 *
										Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian												Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian												Jinnigian		530.7
																		538.8