PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Australia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America					Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian Subages of Germany
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Serravallian																	11.63
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian														33.9
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan														37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan														56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															Longtanian †	Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian																Leine	264.28
		Roadian																	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian																	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian																298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian																303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian																307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian																315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian																323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian																330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian																346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian			393.3
		Pragian		Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
						Alexandrian			438.7 *
					Medinan		Clinton	440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	Cincinnatian		Gamachian		443.8
		Katian						Gamachian		445.2
								Richmondian		446 *
					Eastonian			Richmondian		449 *
								Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian			450.4 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			451.1 *
					Gisbornian						452 *
		Sandbian									453
								Turinian			453.7 *
						Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian							467.3
					Castlemainian							468.5 *
					Castlemainian			Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
					Bendigonian								471.8 *
					Lancefieldian								473.5 *
								Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean					477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
					Warendian							Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian												Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan												Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4														Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3														Dyeran	514
																Montezuman	514.8 *
																Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																			538.8