PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian										Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian														11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic	Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian		113
		Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian											Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
														Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
														Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian												Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian												Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian												Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Late Toarcian		174.7
														Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
														Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian												Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian												Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian												Sevatian		208.5
														Alaunian		213.2 *
														Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian												Tuvalian		227
		Carnian												Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												Longobardian		237
		Ladinian												Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian												Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian		Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	Kuzel	Virgilian	Mapingian †	298.9
					Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Missourian		Stephanian A	303.7
						Missourian		Cantabrian	305 *
						Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian					307
					Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
						Atokan		Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian				Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Morrowan		Westphalian A	318.4 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		Chesterian		Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
					Warnantian	Meramecian		Brigantian †	335.8 *
					Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
					Moliniacian	Osagean		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	Ivorian	Osagean			346.7
					Ivorian	Kinderhookian			351.9 *
					Hastarian	Kinderhookian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
											Raikkula		439.4 *
									Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian										445.2
		Sandbian										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
		Tremadocian										477.7
		Tremadocian										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian										Batyrbaian			489.5
												Aksaian			490.7 *
												Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian							494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan							509
							Toyonian					Lenian †		510 *
							Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian							514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian							521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †		529
																538.8