PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan									Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian									Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian									Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian									Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian									Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean									Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian									Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian									Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian									Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
											Hemingfordian		16.3
											Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
											Whitneyan		29.5
											Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian									Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian									Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian									Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian									Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian									Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian									Bridgerian		47.8
											Wasatchian		50.5
											Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian									Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian									Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian									Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian									Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian									Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian								66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic								100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan						145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan						150
							Heterian						154.5
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan						164.3
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian		Warepan		208.5
				Otamitan		217
				Oretian		221
		Carnian		Oretian		227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian		Etalian		238
		Anisian		Etalian		242
		Anisian		Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian		249
		Induan		Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		Meishanian	251.902
				Waiitian		Meishanian	253.2
						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
				Puruhauan		Laoshanian	254.2
				Puruhauan		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian			266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
				Telfordian		Longlinian	285.4 *
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian							Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian							Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare					419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian			Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula					427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani					433.4
		Telychian			Adavere					434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere					438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian	489.5
										Aksaian	490.7 *
										Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian								Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian	497
										Ayusokkanian	Arcadian	498.4
												499.5
		Drumian								Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian								Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan								Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
										Toyonian		510 *
										Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian		514
										Atdabanian		515.6 *
										Atdabanian	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian		521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
													538.8