PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian					7.246
		Tortonian					Pannonian			Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian					Sarmatian			Clarendonian		11.63
							Sarmatian			Barstovian		12.5
							Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
										Hemingfordian		16.3
										Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
										Whitneyan		29.5
										Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian		47.8
										Wasatchian		50.5
										Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian								Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian						66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic						100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Wordian	Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian	Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian		303.7
			Khamovnikian		304.8
			Krevyakinian		305.8 *
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	Myachkovian	307
				Podolskian	308.9 *
				Kashirian	311.4 *
				Vereian	313.8
				Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	Melekessian	315.2
				Cheremshanian	316.9 *
				Prikamian	318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Tulian	335.8 *
				Bobrikian	339.9 *
				Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Kosvian	346.7
				Kizelian	350.7 *
				Cherepetian	351.9 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian					Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian			489.5
							Aksaian			490.7 *
							Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian								494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian			497
							Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
							Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian					Mayan/Menevian				500.5
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan			Branchian	509
							Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
							Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian				514
							Atdabanian				515.6 *
							Atdabanian			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian				521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
												538.8