PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of France	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic				Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of Germany
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian														208.5
				Carnian														227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian							Vokhmian							247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan							Vokhmian							251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							259.51
				Wordian				Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
				Roadian				Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian									273.01
				Kungurian					Hessian									281.9 *
				Artinskian					Hessian									283.5
				Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian									286.1 *
				Sakmarian					Lenoxian									290.1
				Asselian					Nealian									293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian													298.9
				Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian													303.7
				Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian													307
				Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian													315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian													323.2
				Visean	Middle Mississippian													330.9
				Tournaisian	Early Mississippian													346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian											Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian											Adorf	372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian											Givetian	382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien											Eifelian	387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian													Emsian	393.3
				Pragian													Siegen	407.6
				Pragian		Coblencien											Siegen	408.2 *
				Lochkovian		Gedinnine											Gedinnine	410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli															419.2
			Ludlow	Ludfordian														423
			Ludlow	Gorstian														425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian												Gleedonian		427.4
				Homerian												Whitwellian		429.7 *
				Sheinwoodian														430.5
			Llandovery	Telychian														433.4
				Aeronian														438.5
Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju			Porkuni					443.8
			Katian				Pirgu			445.2
							Vormsi			449.6 *
							Nabala			Johvi †		450 *
				Viru			Rakvere					450.6 *
							Oandu					452 *
			Sandbian				Keila			Idavere †		453
							Haljala					453.9
							Kukruse					456.4 *
							Uhaku			Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku					458.4
							Lasnamagi					458.9 *
							Aseri					460.4 *
				Oeland			Kunda					462.9 *
							Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
							Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian				Volkhov						467.3
			Dapingian				Billingen						469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
							Hunneberg						473.7 *
			Tremadocian				Hunneberg						477.7
							Varangu						481.3 *
							Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort			Late Cambrian				485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian							497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						1000						Karatau
		Stenian						Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan	1375
																		1400